Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Severe Nausea & Vomiting Explained

Having a child is a blessing, but for some women, it comes with the cost of extreme nausea and vomiting. If you are experiencing continuous nausea and vomiting in the morning and throughout the day, you may be dealing with more than just regular morning sickness. This condition is known as Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG), a severe form of pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting that requires medical attention.

What Is Morning Sickness in Pregnancy?

Morning sickness is a common symptom of pregnancy, typically occurring in the first quarter (3 months). It involves nausea and vomiting, usually in the morning but can last all day for some women. While unpleasant, morning sickness is usually mild and manageable. However, when nausea and vomiting become extreme, leading to dehydration and weight loss, it may be a sign of hyperemesis gravidarum.

How Common Is Hyperemesis Gravidarum?

Hyperemesis gravidarum affects about 0.5% to 2% of pregnancies. While morning sickness is experienced by nearly 70% of pregnant women, only a small percentage suffer from this severe form. Despite its rarity, HG can have significant physical and emotional effects, making awareness and early diagnosis crucial.

Hyperemesis Gravidarum Causes

The exact reason for vomiting during pregnancy, especially in hyperemesis gravidarum cases, is not entirely understood. However, some contributing factors include:

• Hormonal Changes – Increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen are linked to severe nausea and vomiting.
• Genetics – Women with a family history of HG are more likely to experience it.
• Multiple Pregnancies – Carrying twins or more increases the risk of severe vomiting during pregnancy.
• Gastrointestinal Sensitivity – Some women may have a heightened response to pregnancy hormones, making them more susceptible to HG.

Symptoms of Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Unlike regular morning sickness, hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by:

• Severe and persistent nausea and vomiting
• Inability to keep food or liquids down
• Weight loss and dehydration
• Fatigue and dizziness
• Vomiting blood during pregnancy due to irritation of the esophagus
• Sensitivity to smells that trigger vomiting
• Decreased urination due to dehydration

How Is Hyperemesis Gravidarum Diagnosed?

Doctors diagnose hyperemesis gravidarum based on symptoms and medical history. A physical examination and tests may be conducted, including:

• Blood Tests – To check electrolyte levels and hydration status.
• Urine Tests – To detect ketones, which indicate dehydration.
• Ultrasound – To confirm pregnancy status and rule out multiple pregnancies or molar pregnancy, which can increase HG risk.

Hyperemesis Gravidarum Treatment

If you suspect you have HG, consult a healthcare professional immediately. Here are some treatment options:

1. Hydration Therapy

Severe dehydration can be dangerous during pregnancy. IV fluids may be necessary to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes.

2. Medications

Doctors may prescribe anti-nausea medications like ondansetron (Zofran) or metoclopramide (Reglan) to control nausea and vomiting.

3. Dietary Adjustments

• Eating small, frequent meals rather than large portions.
• Avoiding triggers such as strong smells and greasy foods.
• Including bland, protein-rich foods like crackers and yogurt in the diet.

4. Hospitalization

In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to provide intravenous nutrition and medications to prevent complications.

How to Manage Hyperemesis Gravidarum at Home

While medical treatment is often necessary, some home remedies may help alleviate symptoms:

• Stay Hydrated – Sip water or electrolyte drinks throughout the day.
• Ginger Supplements – Some women find relief with ginger tea or capsules.
• Acupressure Bands – Wearing wristbands designed for motion sickness may help reduce nausea.
• Get Plenty of Rest – Fatigue can worsen symptoms, so ensure you get enough sleep.

When to Seek Medical Help?

If you experience excessive vomiting during pregnancy, especially if it leads to dehydration, weight loss, or vomiting blood during pregnancy, seek immediate medical attention. Hyperemesis gravidarum can be serious and requires medical intervention to ensure the health of both the mother and baby.

You can also consult a best woman geynaecologist in Karachi.

Effects of Hyperemesis Gravidarum on Mother and Baby

If left untreated, HG can lead to:

• Severe weight loss and malnutrition
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight
• Emotional distress, including anxiety and depression

However, with proper treatment and care, most women with HG go on to have healthy pregnancies and babies.

Conclusion

While morning sickness is a normal part of pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe condition that should not be ignored. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help you manage this condition effectively. If you or someone you know is struggling with persistent nausea and vomiting, consult a healthcare provider for proper care and treatment.